Author: sokorra

A thirty-something Graphic Designer and writer who likes to blog about books, movies and History.
Posted in essay, history, Politics

The Amendments: Twenty-One

Posted on by sokorra

The 21st amendment (which I find hilarious considering the subject matter and the age people are allowed to drink legally in the US) has the unique situation of being the only amendment to full out repeal another.

SECTION 1

The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

SECTION 2

The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

SECTION 3

This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress

(Source)

The 21st amendment was ratified in December of 1933, having been passed by congress in February of that year.  So it came in well under the ratification deadline.  Its sole purpose really is to repeal the 18th amendment.

Section one is self explanatory, as that is where they tell you that the 18th amendment, prohibiting alcohol, was repealed.  Section two continues to hold up state rights in this manner, explaining that even if its now legal in the US to transport alcohol,if a State still prohibits it then its still illegal within that state’s borders.  This is how you get some states where you can purchase your alcohol at your gas station, while other states you have to purchase it at specially licensed stores and distributers.

Section three basically allows for this law to become active at a certian time after the ratification, and also gives it a limit on how long it could take.  Thus we don’t have to wait 100 years like we did on the 27th amendment (which we will of course get to).

So this amendment not only doesn’t actually edit the constitution, it actually only serves to repeal an earlier amendment.  It was the first (and only to my knowledge) amendment to do so.

 

 

Posted in general, history, space history, Uncategorized

And now for something completely Different

Posted on by sokorra

Well, at least from my usual posts as of late.  Its come that time of the election cycle when everything seems to be about politics. News stories outside politics and the brief glimpse into world news (which is usually politics also) are slim to be seen.  And my blog has gotten alot of government commentary lately too.

So I decided to take a break today and cover some interesting stories that have nothing to do with Trump, Clinton, Sanders or stupid choices being made in foriegn policies.

  • Hubble Space Telescope Aniversery

The Hubble telescope was launched into space on April 24, 1990.  As of tomorrow it will be 26 years old. That’s pretty old for a piece of technology when people regularly are told to trade in their computers every 3-7 years. NASA decided to release photage the telescope took of the Bubble Nebula.

The Bubble Nebula is located in the constilation Cassiopeia, about 7,100 light years from earth.  It was discovered in 1787 by William Hershel.

A fact I didn’t know till I read the article I’ve included below is that the Hubble Telescope is a project that NASA is doing in partnership with the European Space Agency. I would definately check out the link, because they animated some of the camera shots and it looks really neat.

Hubble Sees a Star ‘Inflating’ a Giant Bubble (NASA)

  • Chernobyl Anniversery

While Chernobyl is not necessarily a happy topic, It is an interesting one as it has become a study in how the Earth repairs itself after a nuclear tragedy.  I was only a few months old when it happened, so in a sense I’ve never lived in a world without this incident being a cautionary tale about nuclear power.

On April 26, 1986 operators at the plant were doing a systems check when a series of power spikes and a failed emergency shut down caused a rupture in the reactor.  The moderator was exposed to air and ignited, sending a plume of radioactive material.  The fallout area covered parts of Belurus, Ukraine and Russia. 31 people were killed directly, and estimates on the secondary deaths caused by the radiation exposure are still being made. The lowest number given is by UNSCEAR a UN oversight organization which places it at 64 as of 2008. Several other estimates are given, although one puts it at a million although it hasn’t passed peer review.

The area around Chernobyl has been blocked by various governments.  People wanting to study the area are given day passes as the radiation around the planet is still quite high 30 years down the road.  The exclusion zone is 19 miles in all directions.

Places around Europe are still finding lingering issues and radiation exposure in plant and animal life from the diaster.  Russia, Ukraine and Belerus still have good portions of their budget dedicated to containment and decontamination.

The other 3 reactors in the plant remained operational till one by one they were closed down.  The final reactor was closed in 2000.

At least 3 countries are now nuclear power free because of this disaster.  It is also considered the worst nuclear diaster,  considered a level 7 incident.  Fukushima Japan in 2011 is also given this distiction.  In the US,  the Three Mile Island Accident (1979)in Pennsylvania was rated level 5.

Chernobyl Diaster (Wikipedia)

The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone is Argubly a Nature Reserve  (BBC)

Background on the Three Mile Island Accident (National Regulatory Commission)

Three Mile Island Accident (Wiki)

Chernobyl in Pictures (BBC)

  • A Coral Reef was found in the Amazon

In the Amazon river mouth, under the muddy waters scientists have found a coral reef as well as several new species of aquatic life.  It was previously thought that coral reefs would be smoothered in low light, low oxygen areas such as the sediment thick mouth of the Amazon.

Surprising, Vibrant Reef Discovered in the Muddy Amazon (National Geographic)

 

 

 

 

Posted in American History, essay, history, Politics, Uncategorized

Harriet Tubman, Andrew Jackson and The Twenty

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So recently it was announced that Harriet Tubman, known mostly for her work in the underground railroad during the civil war, will be replacing Andrew Jackson during the upcoming redesign of the currency of the US.  In fact, all the bills are getting face lifts, although not all are changing the person we see on their fronts.  However, the 20, which has long been Jackson, will be changing to Tubman.

I’m glad to hear this.  For many reasons actually.

Continue reading “Harriet Tubman, Andrew Jackson and The Twenty” →

Posted in American History, essay, history, Politics

The Amendments: Nineteen

Posted on by sokorra

The Nineteenth Amendment rectifies a wrong in earlier voting qualifications.  It has one mission, and that is to give women the right to vote:

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

(source)

There’s not alot of commentary to make on this amendment, given that its pretty straightforward and only has one clause in it (Well, two but the second is pretty standard in Amendments as it gives Congress the power to enforce the amendment).

This amendment was first introduced in 1878, but only passed by congress in 1919.  It was ratified in only 13 months.  There were lawsuits claiming that the amendment usurped states rights during the early years, but since enough states ratified the amendment, they were shot down. (Leser Vs. Garnett WIKI).

Interestingly enough, there were some states, particularly newer states to the union, that already had some sort of voting laws in place to allow women to vote prior to this amendment.  New Jersey actually allowed it from the start, but revoked in 1807.  Many of the original states did not offer any voting rights to women till after this amendment.

 

 

 

 

 

Posted in American History, essay, history, Politics

The Amendments: Eighteen

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This amendment is a special amendment.  This is the only amendment that has been fully repealed and not not just edited to include more coverage.  The Eighteenth Amendment has gone down in history known as Prohibition.

It was passed by congress in 1917 and ratified two years later in 1919.  It was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933. So it only lasted 15 years of actual enforcement.

Continue reading “The Amendments: Eighteen” →

Posted in American History, essay, history, Politics

The Amendments: Seventeen

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The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.

This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

(source)

Previous to this amendment, Senators were chosen by the legislatures of their respective state. After its ratification in 1913 (big year for amendments), Senators were to be elected by popular election instead of by the state governing bodies.

Although, given what I think of my state’s governing body which apparently took eight months to agree on a stupid budget this might have been a good idea.

In a sense, the government had actually moved closer to a true Democracy with this amendment.  It’s still a representative Republic, but the population has more a say (when they take it) in what goes on.

Posted in American History, essay, history, Politics

The Amendments: Sixteen

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The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

(Source)

The Sixteenth Amendment takes a different turn from the previous couple as it has nothing to do with voting rights, or adding to or editing other amendments.  Its simply about taxes.  Its also the first Amendment passed in the 1900s.  It was passed by Congress in 1909 (almost 40 years after the 15th), but took till 1913 to be ratified by the States.  That’s not surprising considering even today we aren’t too fond of taxes.

Continue reading “The Amendments: Sixteen” →

Posted in American History, Awareness, essay, history, Politics

The Amendments: Fifteen

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SECTION 1

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

SECTION 2

The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

(Source)

This amendment is pretty straightforward.  It was passed by Congress in 1869, and ratified a year later.

Though the 14th amendment protected the right to vote, this adds to the law prohibiting restriction of voting.  It still does not include the right to vote to women, but it does give the right to vote to African-Americans as it was no longer legal to discriminate against race.

There are several amendments tied to prohibited discrimination against voters. the 14th, 15th, 19th, 24th and 26th amendments all relate to voting rights.

I found it interesting to learn that previous different states had different voting restrictions.  Some would allow all citizens (including women and free blacks) the right to vote, others would require you to own a certain amount of property.  The 14th & 15th amendments nationalized voting rights, outlawing most restrictions.

There is an argument now about Voter ID laws, and how they may or may not be constitutionally sound.  Some believe that this violates the 14th amendment, and possibly the 15th as it seems to unfairly target some groups within the community and in some places possible racial issues exist.

I’m personally neutral on that subject because on one hand I can see how those who don’t have easy access to the DMV would find it hard to get a state ID that could allow them to vote.  On the other hand, so much today requires an ID from writing checks to purchasing age-required items like Decongestant.  Its hard to imagine why someone wouldn’t have an ID.  But unless the state can guarantee easy access to get the ID, I don’t believe it should be a requirement to vote.  Especially considering that the so called fraud its meant to prevent is usually very rare and often enough is simply the result of typographical errors or someone having the same name as a deceased person and their SS# being wrong.

Related Reading:

Myth of Voter Fraud – Brennan Center for Justice

Voter Fraud: A Massive Anti-Democratic Deception – Forbes

Our Documents:  The 15th Amendment  – you can get to see the actual amendment document

Passing of the 15th Amendment – PBS (For a special on U.S. Grant)