SECTION 1
No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.
SECTION 2
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.
(Source)
Tag: american history
The Amendments: Twenty-One
The 21st amendment (which I find hilarious considering the subject matter and the age people are allowed to drink legally in the US) has the unique situation of being the only amendment to full out repeal another.
SECTION 1
The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.
SECTION 2
The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.
SECTION 3
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress
(Source)
The 21st amendment was ratified in December of 1933, having been passed by congress in February of that year. So it came in well under the ratification deadline. Its sole purpose really is to repeal the 18th amendment.
Section one is self explanatory, as that is where they tell you that the 18th amendment, prohibiting alcohol, was repealed. Section two continues to hold up state rights in this manner, explaining that even if its now legal in the US to transport alcohol,if a State still prohibits it then its still illegal within that state’s borders. This is how you get some states where you can purchase your alcohol at your gas station, while other states you have to purchase it at specially licensed stores and distributers.
Section three basically allows for this law to become active at a certian time after the ratification, and also gives it a limit on how long it could take. Thus we don’t have to wait 100 years like we did on the 27th amendment (which we will of course get to).
So this amendment not only doesn’t actually edit the constitution, it actually only serves to repeal an earlier amendment. It was the first (and only to my knowledge) amendment to do so.
The Amendments: Twenty
The twentieth Amendment is a long one, and it changes quite a few things. It all relates to the timings and elections of Presidents, Vice Presidents, and congress as well as what to do in situations where the President/Vice President can not take office.
Harriet Tubman, Andrew Jackson and The Twenty
So recently it was announced that Harriet Tubman, known mostly for her work in the underground railroad during the civil war, will be replacing Andrew Jackson during the upcoming redesign of the currency of the US. In fact, all the bills are getting face lifts, although not all are changing the person we see on their fronts. However, the 20, which has long been Jackson, will be changing to Tubman.
I’m glad to hear this. For many reasons actually.
Continue reading “Harriet Tubman, Andrew Jackson and The Twenty”
The Amendments: Nineteen
The Nineteenth Amendment rectifies a wrong in earlier voting qualifications. It has one mission, and that is to give women the right to vote:
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
(source)
There’s not alot of commentary to make on this amendment, given that its pretty straightforward and only has one clause in it (Well, two but the second is pretty standard in Amendments as it gives Congress the power to enforce the amendment).
This amendment was first introduced in 1878, but only passed by congress in 1919. It was ratified in only 13 months. There were lawsuits claiming that the amendment usurped states rights during the early years, but since enough states ratified the amendment, they were shot down. (Leser Vs. Garnett WIKI).
Interestingly enough, there were some states, particularly newer states to the union, that already had some sort of voting laws in place to allow women to vote prior to this amendment. New Jersey actually allowed it from the start, but revoked in 1807. Many of the original states did not offer any voting rights to women till after this amendment.
The Amendments: Eighteen
This amendment is a special amendment. This is the only amendment that has been fully repealed and not not just edited to include more coverage. The Eighteenth Amendment has gone down in history known as Prohibition.
It was passed by congress in 1917 and ratified two years later in 1919. It was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933. So it only lasted 15 years of actual enforcement.
The Amendments: Seventeen
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
(source)
Previous to this amendment, Senators were chosen by the legislatures of their respective state. After its ratification in 1913 (big year for amendments), Senators were to be elected by popular election instead of by the state governing bodies.
Although, given what I think of my state’s governing body which apparently took eight months to agree on a stupid budget this might have been a good idea.
In a sense, the government had actually moved closer to a true Democracy with this amendment. It’s still a representative Republic, but the population has more a say (when they take it) in what goes on.
The Amendments: Sixteen
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
(Source)
The Sixteenth Amendment takes a different turn from the previous couple as it has nothing to do with voting rights, or adding to or editing other amendments. Its simply about taxes. Its also the first Amendment passed in the 1900s. It was passed by Congress in 1909 (almost 40 years after the 15th), but took till 1913 to be ratified by the States. That’s not surprising considering even today we aren’t too fond of taxes.
The Amendments: Fifteen
SECTION 1
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
SECTION 2
The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
(Source)
This amendment is pretty straightforward. It was passed by Congress in 1869, and ratified a year later.
Though the 14th amendment protected the right to vote, this adds to the law prohibiting restriction of voting. It still does not include the right to vote to women, but it does give the right to vote to African-Americans as it was no longer legal to discriminate against race.
There are several amendments tied to prohibited discrimination against voters. the 14th, 15th, 19th, 24th and 26th amendments all relate to voting rights.
I found it interesting to learn that previous different states had different voting restrictions. Some would allow all citizens (including women and free blacks) the right to vote, others would require you to own a certain amount of property. The 14th & 15th amendments nationalized voting rights, outlawing most restrictions.
There is an argument now about Voter ID laws, and how they may or may not be constitutionally sound. Some believe that this violates the 14th amendment, and possibly the 15th as it seems to unfairly target some groups within the community and in some places possible racial issues exist.
I’m personally neutral on that subject because on one hand I can see how those who don’t have easy access to the DMV would find it hard to get a state ID that could allow them to vote. On the other hand, so much today requires an ID from writing checks to purchasing age-required items like Decongestant. Its hard to imagine why someone wouldn’t have an ID. But unless the state can guarantee easy access to get the ID, I don’t believe it should be a requirement to vote. Especially considering that the so called fraud its meant to prevent is usually very rare and often enough is simply the result of typographical errors or someone having the same name as a deceased person and their SS# being wrong.
Related Reading:
Myth of Voter Fraud – Brennan Center for Justice
Voter Fraud: A Massive Anti-Democratic Deception – Forbes
Our Documents: The 15th Amendment – you can get to see the actual amendment document
Passing of the 15th Amendment – PBS (For a special on U.S. Grant)
The Amendments: Fourteen
The Fourteenth Amendment is a debatable amendment as some believe it is not clear enough. It has several elements to it, so its not as simple as the last amendment was. I’ve put it behind a read more due to length.
This amendment was passed by Congress in 1866, but it wasn’t ratified till 1868. Continue reading “The Amendments: Fourteen”
Sokorra Lewis 