Posted in American History, essay, Politics, Uncategorized

The Amendments: Twenty-Four

The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay poll tax or other tax.

SECTION 2

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

(Source)

The Twenty-fourth amendment to the consitution once again deals with voting rights.  While the 14th and 15th  amendments gave equal protection to voters, it wasn’t till the 24th amendment that Congress made it unconsitutional to charge voting fees.  Known as the poll tax, in largely effected the lower income and minority communities who couldn’t afford to pay the fees, thus couldn’t vote.  In 1964, there were still 4 states retiaining the poll tax.  Virginia, Alabama, Texas, Mississippi and Arkansas.  At first it was argued that it only effected federal elections, however in 1966 the Supreme Court struck down that argument, claiming the 24th amendment did not limit it to Federal elections, and frankly the poll tax violated the 14the amendment.

Discriminary voting regluations are still debated today, including the Photo ID Laws several states have put into action to prevent voting fraud.  Many however believe it unfiarly affects low income and minorities who don’t have access to locations to get their ids, or can not afford one.  My personal stance on this is neutral because I don’t think they are necessary because voting fraud is very very low and often more likely to be clerical error.  But I also found IDs are required so often during everyday things that its hard to believe people don’t have some form of ID, even if its just a state photo ID and not a driver’s license.

Posted in American History, essay, history, Politics

The Amendments: Twenty-Three

SECTION 1

The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as Congress may direct:

A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.

SECTION 2

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

(Source)

This amendment allows the District of Columbia (Washington, DC) to have delegates in the electoral college when it comes to presidential elections.  It does not change anything else about the way DC is govern, which even today is debated. It is not a state, but a territoty.  It is governed by Congress, and has no representation that can vote within congress (It does have 1 unvoting representative in the House).

Currently DC has 3 electoral votes.

This was passed by Congress in 1960, and ratified in 1961.

 

Posted in American History, essay, history, Politics

The Amendments: Twenty-Two

SECTION 1

No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

SECTION 2

This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.

(Source)

Continue reading “The Amendments: Twenty-Two”

Posted in essay, history, Politics

The Amendments: Twenty-One

The 21st amendment (which I find hilarious considering the subject matter and the age people are allowed to drink legally in the US) has the unique situation of being the only amendment to full out repeal another.

SECTION 1

The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

SECTION 2

The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

SECTION 3

This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress

(Source)

The 21st amendment was ratified in December of 1933, having been passed by congress in February of that year.  So it came in well under the ratification deadline.  Its sole purpose really is to repeal the 18th amendment.

Section one is self explanatory, as that is where they tell you that the 18th amendment, prohibiting alcohol, was repealed.  Section two continues to hold up state rights in this manner, explaining that even if its now legal in the US to transport alcohol,if a State still prohibits it then its still illegal within that state’s borders.  This is how you get some states where you can purchase your alcohol at your gas station, while other states you have to purchase it at specially licensed stores and distributers.

Section three basically allows for this law to become active at a certian time after the ratification, and also gives it a limit on how long it could take.  Thus we don’t have to wait 100 years like we did on the 27th amendment (which we will of course get to).

So this amendment not only doesn’t actually edit the constitution, it actually only serves to repeal an earlier amendment.  It was the first (and only to my knowledge) amendment to do so.

 

 

Posted in American History, essay, history, Politics

The Amendments: Nineteen

The Nineteenth Amendment rectifies a wrong in earlier voting qualifications.  It has one mission, and that is to give women the right to vote:

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

(source)

There’s not alot of commentary to make on this amendment, given that its pretty straightforward and only has one clause in it (Well, two but the second is pretty standard in Amendments as it gives Congress the power to enforce the amendment).

This amendment was first introduced in 1878, but only passed by congress in 1919.  It was ratified in only 13 months.  There were lawsuits claiming that the amendment usurped states rights during the early years, but since enough states ratified the amendment, they were shot down. (Leser Vs. Garnett WIKI).

Interestingly enough, there were some states, particularly newer states to the union, that already had some sort of voting laws in place to allow women to vote prior to this amendment.  New Jersey actually allowed it from the start, but revoked in 1807.  Many of the original states did not offer any voting rights to women till after this amendment.

 

 

 

 

 

Posted in American History, essay, history, Politics

The Amendments: Eighteen

This amendment is a special amendment.  This is the only amendment that has been fully repealed and not not just edited to include more coverage.  The Eighteenth Amendment has gone down in history known as Prohibition.

It was passed by congress in 1917 and ratified two years later in 1919.  It was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933. So it only lasted 15 years of actual enforcement.

Continue reading “The Amendments: Eighteen”

Posted in American History, essay, history, Politics

The Amendments: Seventeen

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.

This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

(source)

Previous to this amendment, Senators were chosen by the legislatures of their respective state. After its ratification in 1913 (big year for amendments), Senators were to be elected by popular election instead of by the state governing bodies.

Although, given what I think of my state’s governing body which apparently took eight months to agree on a stupid budget this might have been a good idea.

In a sense, the government had actually moved closer to a true Democracy with this amendment.  It’s still a representative Republic, but the population has more a say (when they take it) in what goes on.

Posted in American History, essay, Politics

Voting & The Electoral College

(I am an American, so this post is about the United States election system.  If you are a non-American reader, I would love to hear about how your election systems differ)

Many times I have heard people claim they don’t vote because it isn’t like their vote matters anyway; in the end the Electoral college chooses, not the people.  And in a sense they are right.  Since the US is a Republic, we choose representatives based on population.  Therefore states with more population have more electoral votes in the college. Therefore places more heavily populated tend to get favored in the Electoral college.

Except for two facts:

Continue reading “Voting & The Electoral College”